प्रमाण-प्रमेय-संशय-प्रयोजन-दृष्टान्त-सिद्धान्त-अवयव-तर्क-निर्णय-वाद-जल्प-वितण्डा-हेत्वाभास-च्छल-जाति-निग्रहस्थानानां तत्त्वज्ञानात् निःश्रेयसाधिगमः॥
pramāṇa-prameya-saṃśaya-prayojana-dṛṣṭānta-siddhānta-avayava-tarka-nirṇaya-vāda-jalpa-vitaṇḍā-hetvābhāsa-chala-jāti-nigrahasthānānāṃ tattvajñānāt niḥśreyasādhigamaḥ.
Supreme felicity (liberation) is attained by knowledge of the true nature of sixteen categories: means of valid knowledge, objects of valid knowledge, doubt, purpose, familiar instance, established tenet, members of a syllogism, confutation, ascertainment, discussion, wrangling, cavil, fallacies, quibble, futility, and occasion for rebuke.
Ancient philosophy is purely spiritual, mystical speculation about unseen realms.
Nyāya is a highly rigorous, dry, analytical system of formal verification, scientific observation, and strict semantic rules.
COGNITIVE PHILOSOPHY RUNTIME
True knowledge is not an accidental event; it requires structured taxonomy and deep epistemic discipline across sixteen foundational validation points.
HISTORICAL COMMENTARY ANALYSIS
This is the foundational opening statement of the entire Nyāya Sūtras. It lists the 16 distinct operational fields of critical thought. Gautama argues that liberation (Mokṣa) isn't achieved through blind devotion, but by compiling flawless analytical clarity. If an execution loop can master these 16 validation blocks, it eliminates logical errors and immediately frees the mind from confusion.
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